When noon has sukoon (نْ) or tanween (ً ٍ ٌ) appears before another letter, one of 4 rules applies depending on the following letter.
Before the 6 throat letters ء ه ع ح غ خ. Pronounce the noon/tanween clearly with no merging or lengthening.
Before ي ن م و ل ر. The noon merges into the following letter. With ghunnah (nasal hum) for ي ن م و — without ghunnah for ل ر.
Before ب only. The noon/tanween converts to a meem sound, held with a nasal hum (ghunnah) for 2 counts.
Before the remaining 15 letters (ت ث ج د ذ ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ف ق ك). The noon is partially hidden — midway between Izhar and Idgham — with 2 counts of ghunnah.
When meem has sukoon (مْ), 3 rules apply based on the following letter.
Before ب only. The meem is hidden with the lips slightly open, held with 2 counts of nasal ghunnah.
Before another م. The two meems merge into one meem with ghunnah for 2 counts. Full lip closure.
Before all other 26 letters. Pronounce the meem clearly with lips fully closed. No ghunnah.
Rules of vowel elongation. The 3 madd letters (ا و ي) are stretched for 2, 4, 5, or 6 counts depending on what follows.
The base madd — present whenever a madd letter is NOT followed by hamza or sukoon. Always 2 counts. All other madds branch from this.
Madd letter followed by hamza in the same word. Mandatory elongation of 4–5 counts.
Madd letter at end of a word, hamza at the start of the next word. Permissible to elongate 4–5 counts (can be 2 for some reciters).
Madd letter followed by a letter with permanent sukoon or shadda. Always 6 counts — the longest madd.
A slight bounce/echo on the 5 Qalqalah letters ق ط ب ج د when they carry sukoon. Stronger at end of word/ayah.
Letter appears with sukoon in the middle of a word. The echo is subtle.
Letter is at the end of a word where you pause. Echo is strong and audible. Heard clearly in every recitation.
Rules for the laam in "Allah", Laam Shamsiyyah (silent), and Laam Qamariyyah (pronounced).
Heavy (Tafkheem) after fatha or damma — Light (Tarqeeq) after kasra.
Before the 14 solar letters (ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن), the laam disappears and the following letter takes a shadda.
Before the 14 lunar letters (ا ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م و ه ي). The laam is clearly pronounced with sukoon.
Heavy (full-mouth) vs light (thin) pronunciation. Affects the depth and resonance of letters.
7 letters are always heavy: خ ص ض غ ط ق ظ. Raa is heavy when it has a fatha, damma, or follows a fatha/damma. The back of the tongue rises toward the roof of the mouth.
All other letters are always light. Raa is light when it carries kasra or follows a kasra (unless a heavy letter intervenes).
Signs marking where to stop, continue, or pause. Getting these right preserves the meaning of the ayah.
These symbols appear above words in the Mushaf:
The 17 articulation points of the 28 Arabic letters. Correct mouth position is the foundation of all Tajweed.
ء ه (deepest) · ح ع (middle) · خ غ (upper throat). Push air from deep in the throat. These are the Izhar letters.
Most Arabic letters originate from the tongue. ق ك (back tongue) · ج ش ي (middle) · ض ل ن ر ت د ط ذ ز س ص ث (front/tip).
ب م — both lips close fully. و — lips round without full closure. ف — upper teeth touch inner lower lip.
The ghunnah (nasal hum) of ن and م when they have shadda, or during Idgham/Ikhfa. Air passes through the nose.
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